DeltaForge Documentation - Complete Reference Index

Every documented entry, grouped by section. This page exists for crawler discoverability; humans should use the interactive documentation.

SQL Commands(207)

ALTER API ENDPOINT - Modifies an existing API endpoint definition. Supports merging OPTIONS, changing the...
ALTER CONNECTION - Modifies an existing connection: replaces options, swaps credential references, or...
ALTER CREDENTIAL STORAGE - Modifies one or more attributes of an existing credential-storage backend: description...
ALTER EXTERNAL LOCATION - Updates an existing external location's URL, bound credential, options, owner, or comment.
ALTER GROUP ADD USER - Adds one or more users to a group.
ALTER GROUP REMOVE USER - Removes one or more users from a group.
ALTER INDEX - Updates a row-level index's mutable properties such as the auto-update flag and...
ALTER METASTORE - Acts on an existing metastore mirror. Today the only supported action is REFRESH, which...
ALTER PSEUDONYMISATION RULE - Enables or disables a pseudonymisation rule, or adds and removes principals from its...
ALTER ROLE - Updates an existing role's parent or comment.
ALTER STORAGE CREDENTIAL - Updates an existing storage credential's options, owner, or comment. Replaces options...
ALTER TABLE ADD COLUMN - Adds a single column to an existing Delta table's schema.
ALTER TABLE ADD COLUMNS - Adds multiple columns to an existing Delta table in a single atomic operation.
ALTER TABLE ADD CONSTRAINT - Adds a CHECK, NOT NULL, PRIMARY KEY, or UNIQUE constraint to an existing Delta table.
ALTER TABLE ALTER COLUMN DROP DEFAULT - Removes the default value expression from a column. INSERTs that omit the column...
ALTER TABLE ALTER COLUMN DROP NOT NULL - Removes the NOT NULL constraint from a column, allowing null values.
ALTER TABLE ALTER COLUMN SET DEFAULT - Sets a default value expression for a column. The expression is stored verbatim in the...
ALTER TABLE ALTER COLUMN SET METADATA - Sets or updates JSON metadata on a column for type widening tracking, custom...
ALTER TABLE ALTER COLUMN SET NOT NULL - Sets a column to NOT NULL, disallowing null values in future writes.
ALTER TABLE ALTER COLUMN TYPE - Changes the data type of an existing column via type widening. Requires the...
ALTER TABLE CHANGE COLUMN - Moves an existing column to a new position in the table schema without rewriting data...
ALTER TABLE CLUSTER BY - Configures or disables liquid clustering on a Delta table.
ALTER TABLE DROP COLUMN - Drops a column from a Delta table's schema using column mapping. The physical data...
ALTER TABLE DROP CONSTRAINT - Drops a named CHECK or NOT NULL constraint from a Delta table.
ALTER TABLE RENAME COLUMN - Renames an existing column in a Delta table using column mapping. The physical column...
ALTER TABLE RENAME TO - Renames a table in the catalog and DataFusion session without modifying underlying Delta...
ALTER TABLE REPLACE COLUMNS - Replaces the entire column schema of a Delta table with a new set of columns in a single...
ALTER TABLE SET TBLPROPERTIES - Sets one or more table properties on an existing Delta table, used to enable features...
ALTER TABLE UNSET TBLPROPERTIES - Removes one or more table properties from an existing Delta table.
ALTER TAG - Modifies an existing tag definition in the catalog.
ALTER USER - Updates an existing user's default role or comment.
ALTER VAULT / ALTER CREDENTIAL - Modifies a vault entry: rotates encryption-key material, replaces a credential secret...
ANALYZE TABLE - Computes histogram statistics and optional bloom filters for table columns to improve...
APPLY PSEUDONYMISATION - Permanently transforms existing data (destructive -- cannot be undone).
ASSERT - First-class assertion framework that validates query results against declarative...
Aggregate Functions - Functions that compute a single result from a set of rows.
CALL API ENDPOINT - Raw preview. Issues one fetch through the same HTTP transport as INVOKE and returns...
CLONE - Creates a copy of a Delta table, either as a lightweight metadata reference (shallow) or...
COMPARE SCHEMA - Compares two schemas (from DDL strings or existing tables) and returns a detailed diff...
CONCURRENT BEGIN...END - Executes multiple SQL statements concurrently within a single block, providing...
CONVERT TO DELTA - Converts an existing Parquet or Iceberg directory to Delta Lake format in place by...
COPY INTO - Loads data from external files into a Delta table, with format inference, glob...
CREATE API ENDPOINT - Defines a single fetch endpoint under a REST API source. The endpoint knows how to fetch...
CREATE BLOOM FILTER INDEX - Creates bloom filter indexes on specified columns for efficient file-level data skipping.
CREATE CHART - Renders an inline source query as an SVG chart and returns it in the execution result...
CREATE CONNECTION - Registers an external-system connection (database, object store, git host, SFTP, or REST...
CREATE CREDENTIAL STORAGE - Registers a cloud key-vault-style credential-storage backend (Azure Key Vault, AWS...
CREATE DELTA TABLE - Creates a new Delta table with an explicit schema, optional partitioning, liquid...
CREATE EXTERNAL LOCATION - Registers a storage URL bound to a storage credential as a managed external location.
CREATE EXTERNAL TABLE - Creates an external table that references data files at a storage location, enabling SQL...
CREATE GRAPH - Creates a named property graph definition that maps a vertex table and an edge table...
CREATE GRAPHCSR - Pre-builds and writes the Compressed Sparse Row (CSR) topology for a named graph to...
CREATE GRAPHGPU - Pre-builds and persists Vulkan-derived GPU buffers (w_out, in_edge_weights) for a named...
CREATE GROUP - Creates a group for collective role assignment.
CREATE INDEX - Creates a row-level sorted index (PGM or B+ tree) over a Delta table to accelerate...
CREATE METASTORE - Mirrors a Delta table's `_delta_log/` action stream and full Parquet footer state into...
CREATE PSEUDONYMISATION RULE - Creates a runtime data transformation rule for GDPR compliance.
CREATE ROLE - Creates a role that bundles privileges and can inherit from a parent role.
CREATE SCHEMA - Creates a new schema namespace within a zone.
CREATE SERVICE PRINCIPAL - Creates a service principal: a non-human identity for automation, jobs, integrations...
CREATE STORAGE CREDENTIAL - Creates a named storage credential that supplies authentication material to external...
CREATE TAG - Creates a tag definition in the catalog for data governance and classification.
CREATE USER - Creates a user identity in the catalog. Authentication material is provisioned...
CREATE VAULT / CREATE CREDENTIAL - Creates a vault entry, either an encryption key (material generated by DeltaForge) or a...
CREATE VIEW - Creates or replaces a named view backed by a SQL query.
CREATE WORKSPACE - Creates a workspace boundary for isolating user assets, scripts, and pipelines.
CREATE ZONE - Creates a new zone, the top-level namespace container in the catalog.
Common Table Expressions (WITH) - Named temporary result sets that exist for the scope of a single query.
DELETE - Deletes rows from a Delta table matching an optional predicate, recording file-level...
DESCRIBE API ENDPOINT - Shows the full stored definition of an API endpoint: URL template, response format...
DESCRIBE AUTO OPTIMIZE - Shows the current auto-optimization configuration and status for a Delta table.
DESCRIBE CHECKPOINT - Lists transaction-log checkpoints for a Delta table, or returns detailed metadata for a...
DESCRIBE CONNECTION - Emits metadata for a single connection. Sensitive option values are masked server-side.
DESCRIBE CREDENTIAL STORAGE - Emits metadata for a single credential-storage backend. Secret config material is never...
DESCRIBE DETAIL - Returns a comprehensive set of metadata properties for a Delta table, including format...
DESCRIBE EXTERNAL LOCATION - Returns the URL, credential binding, and metadata for an external location.
DESCRIBE HISTORY - Returns the version history of a Delta table, showing each commit's version number...
DESCRIBE INDEXES - Lists all row-level indexes on a table along with their status, version binding...
DESCRIBE MAINTENANCE STATUS - Shows health metrics, circuit breaker state, and maintenance scheduler status for a table.
DESCRIBE STATISTICS - Displays computed histogram statistics metadata for a table, including histogram...
DESCRIBE STORAGE CREDENTIAL - Returns metadata about a storage credential. Secret material is never returned.
DESCRIBE TABLE - Returns the schema of a Delta table, listing each column's name, data type, nullability...
DESCRIBE TAG - Shows detailed information about a tag definition and its assignments.
DESCRIBE VAULT / DESCRIBE CREDENTIAL - Emits metadata for a single vault entry. Secret material is never included in the output.
DETECT SCHEMA - Discovers and saves column schema for a registered table.
DROP API ENDPOINT - Removes an API endpoint definition and its run-log entries. Landed files in the storage...
DROP BLOOM FILTER INDEX - Removes bloom filter indexes from a Delta table.
DROP CONNECTION - Removes a connection registration. External tables registered through this connection...
DROP CREDENTIAL STORAGE - Removes a credential-storage backend. Fails if any vault entries still reference it...
DROP DELTA TABLE - Removes a Delta table from the session and catalog. Optionally deletes the underlying...
DROP EXTERNAL LOCATION - Removes an external location registration. The underlying storage and any data it...
DROP EXTERNAL TABLE - Removes an external table definition from the session and catalog, optionally deleting...
DROP FEATURE - Removes a Delta table feature (e.g., deletion vectors, change data feed, type widening)...
DROP FOLDER - Removes an empty directory inside a zone's storage root (local or cloud). Refuses if the...
DROP GRAPH - Drops a named graph definition from the catalog and session registries without deleting...
DROP GRAPH CONFIG - Drops per-table graph configuration entries from the session registry and catalog...
DROP GROUP - Removes a group. The Control Plane cascades the removal: memberships are deleted and...
DROP INDEX - Drops a row-level index from a Delta table. The child index Delta table is tombstoned at...
DROP METASTORE - Drops a table from the metastore: removes its registry row and every per-table partition...
DROP PIPELINE - Removes a pipeline declaration from the current session's pipeline registry.
DROP PSEUDONYMISATION RULE - Removes a pseudonymisation rule from a table.
DROP ROLE - Removes a role. The Control Plane cascades the removal: role grants and direct object...
DROP SCHEDULE - Removes a schedule declaration from the current session's schedule registry.
DROP SCHEMA - Drops a schema (fails if it contains tables).
DROP SCHEMA COLUMNS - Removes column metadata for a specific table or cleans up orphaned column records.
DROP SCHEMA HISTORY - Removes schema evolution tracking data for a specific table.
DROP SERVICE PRINCIPAL - Removes a service principal. The Control Plane cascades the removal: role grants and...
DROP STATISTICS - Removes computed histogram statistics for a Delta table.
DROP STORAGE CREDENTIAL - Removes a storage credential. Grants on the credential are also removed; external...
DROP TAG - Removes a tag definition and all of its assignments from the catalog.
DROP USER - Removes a user identity. The Control Plane cascades the removal: role grants and direct...
DROP VAULT / DROP CREDENTIAL - Removes a vault entry and wipes its backend-stored material. VAULT and CREDENTIAL are...
DROP VIEW - Removes one or more views from the catalog and DataFusion session.
DROP WORKSPACE - Removes a workspace. The Control Plane cascades the removal across the workspace's...
DROP ZONE - Drops a zone (fails if it contains schemas).
EXECPLAN - Inspects a SQL query without executing it. Each EXECPLAN mode returns a single focused...
EXTRACT LINEAGE - Parses a SQL script and extracts table-level data lineage, returning inbound (read) and...
FSCK REPAIR TABLE - Detects and repairs metadata inconsistencies by removing transaction log entries that...
GENERATE MANIFEST - Generates a symlink format manifest file listing all active data files in a Delta table...
GET INCREMENTAL FILTER - Queries a target Delta table for maximum column values and generates a WHERE clause for...
GRANT ON EXTERNAL LOCATION - Grants one or more privileges on an external location to a principal. Supports WITH...
GRANT ON SCHEMA - Grants a single privilege on a schema to a user or role.
GRANT ON STORAGE CREDENTIAL - Grants one or more privileges on a storage credential to a principal. Supports WITH...
GRANT ON TABLE - Grants a single privilege on a table to a user or role.
GRANT ON ZONE - Grants a single privilege on a zone to a user or role.
GRANT ROLE - Grants a role to a user, group, or service principal. Idempotent: re-granting an...
GROUP BY - Groups rows by column values for aggregate calculations.
HAVING - Filters groups after aggregation (like WHERE for GROUP BY).
HELP - Displays documentation for DeltaForge SQL commands, including command listings...
INCLUDE SCRIPT - Inlines a script's SQL at the current location for reuse across pipelines.
INCREMENTAL VACUUM - Performs resumable, batch-based vacuum for very large tables.
INFERTYPE - Executes a query or scans a table, then runs the type inference engine on the result...
INSERT INTO - Inserts new rows into a Delta table from a VALUES clause or SELECT query, with support...
INVOKE API ENDPOINT - Production fetch, writes response bodies to the connection's storage zone under a...
JOIN Types - Combines rows from two or more tables based on a related column.
LATERAL Subquery - A subquery in FROM that can reference columns from preceding tables.
LIMIT / OFFSET - Pagination -- limits result count and skips rows.
MERGE INTO - Performs an atomic upsert by combining INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE actions in a single...
OPEN DELTA TABLE - Opens an existing Delta table from a storage location and makes it queryable under a...
OPTIMIZE - Compacts small files into larger files and optionally applies Z-ordering for improved...
ORDER BY - Sorts the result set by one or more columns.
PARALLEL CREATE TABLE AS - Creates a Delta table from a SELECT query by splitting the source on a numeric key...
PARALLEL INSERT INTO - Inserts SELECT results into an existing Delta table by splitting the source on a numeric...
PIPELINE - Declares a pipeline with metadata, scheduling, and governance attributes.
REBUILD INDEX - Rebuilds a row-level index from scratch at the parent table's current version, replacing...
REGISTER DELTA TABLE - Persistently registers an existing Delta table under a fully qualified zone.schema.table...
REORG TABLE - Reorganizes table data by purging soft-deleted data, forcing a checkpoint, or upgrading...
RESET CIRCUIT BREAKER - Manually resets the circuit breaker for a table's maintenance operations, re-enabling...
RESTORE TO TIMESTAMP - Restores a Delta table to the state it had at a specific point in time.
RESTORE TO VERSION - Restores a Delta table to the state it had at a specific version number.
REVOKE ON EXTERNAL LOCATION - Revokes one or more privileges on an external location from a principal.
REVOKE ON SCHEMA - Revokes a single privilege on a schema from a user or role.
REVOKE ON STORAGE CREDENTIAL - Revokes one or more privileges on a storage credential from a principal.
REVOKE ON TABLE - Revokes a single privilege on a table from a user or role.
REVOKE ON ZONE - Revokes a single privilege on a zone from a user or role.
REVOKE ROLE - Revokes a role from a user, group, or service principal. Idempotent: revoking a...
SCHEDULE - Declares a named schedule with cron timing, retry policies, concurrency limits, and...
SCRIPT TABLE AS CREATE - Generates a complete CREATE DELTA TABLE DDL script from an existing table's metadata...
SELECT - Retrieves data from tables with filtering, grouping, and ordering.
SET $param - Sets a script-scoped parameter. The expression is captured as raw SQL text and...
SET AUTO OPTIMIZE - Enables or disables automatic post-write compaction and optimized writes for a Delta...
SET INCREMENTAL CONFIG - Persists incremental loading configuration as Delta table properties for use by...
SET TAG - Assigns a tag with a value to a table, view, or column. Columns use 4-part naming...
SHOW API ENDPOINT RUNS - Lists invocation history for a single API endpoint, one row per INVOKE, with run status...
SHOW API ENDPOINTS - Lists all API endpoint definitions, optionally filtered by owning rest_api connection...
SHOW CONNECTIONS - Lists all registered external connections, optionally filtered by a LIKE substring.
SHOW CREDENTIAL STORAGES - Lists all registered credential-storage backends, optionally filtered by a LIKE pattern...
SHOW EXTERNAL LOCATIONS - Lists all external locations, optionally filtered by a LIKE pattern.
SHOW GRANTS ON EXTERNAL LOCATION - Lists every principal that holds a privilege on a given external location.
SHOW GRANTS ON STORAGE CREDENTIAL - Lists every principal that holds a privilege on a given storage credential.
SHOW GRANTS TO PRINCIPAL - Lists every grant assigned to a principal across object types: roles, zones, schemas...
SHOW GRAPH - Displays the full configuration of one or all named graph definitions, including...
SHOW GRAPHS - Lists graph definitions registered in the catalog.
SHOW GROUPS - Lists groups in the catalog, optionally filtered by a LIKE pattern.
SHOW INCREMENTAL CONFIG - Displays the stored incremental loading configuration for a Delta table.
SHOW METASTORE - Lists every Delta table currently registered with the metastore together with its...
SHOW PIPELINES - Lists pipelines declared in the current session, optionally filtered by a LIKE pattern.
SHOW PSEUDONYMISATION RULES - Lists active pseudonymisation rules.
SHOW ROLES - Lists roles in the catalog, optionally filtered by a LIKE pattern.
SHOW SCHEDULES - Lists schedules declared in the current session, optionally filtered by a LIKE pattern.
SHOW SCHEMAS - Lists schemas in the catalog, optionally filtered by zone or name pattern.
SHOW SERVICE PRINCIPALS - Lists service principals in the catalog, optionally filtered by a LIKE pattern.
SHOW SESSION TABLES - Lists all tables registered in the current compute node's session context.
SHOW STATS - Runs a SQL statement under instrumentation and returns a per-metric breakdown of what...
SHOW STORAGE CREDENTIALS - Lists all storage credentials, optionally filtered by a LIKE pattern.
SHOW TABLE PROPERTIES - Returns the configuration properties (tblproperties) stored in a Delta table's metadata...
SHOW TABLES - Lists tables in the catalog, optionally filtered by schema or name pattern.
SHOW TAGS - Lists all tag definitions in the catalog, optionally filtered by name pattern.
SHOW USERS - Lists users in the catalog, optionally filtered by a LIKE pattern.
SHOW VAULTS / SHOW CREDENTIALS - Lists vault entries, optionally filtered by entry kind and a LIKE substring on...
SHOW WORKSPACES - Lists workspaces in the catalog, optionally filtered by a LIKE pattern.
SHOW ZONES - Lists all zones in the catalog, optionally filtered by name pattern.
SQLFORMAT - Formats a SQL string according to a configurable style preset, with optional overrides...
SYNC CATALOG - Refreshes the compute node's permission token and catalog metadata from the control plane.
Subqueries - Nested queries used in FROM, WHERE, or SELECT clauses.
TEST CONNECTION - Probes connectivity to the external system referenced by a connection, returning...
TEST CREDENTIAL STORAGE - Runs the reachability probe on a credential-storage backend (the same probe executed by...
TRUNCATE TABLE - Removes all rows from a Delta table while preserving the table schema, properties, and...
UNION / INTERSECT / EXCEPT - Combines result sets from multiple queries.
UNREGISTER TABLE - Removes a table's catalog entry without deleting the underlying data files.
UNSET INCREMENTAL CONFIG - Removes all incremental loading configuration from a Delta table's properties.
UNSET TAG - Removes a tag assignment from a table, view, or column.
UPDATE - Updates column values in rows of a Delta table that match an optional predicate...
VACUUM - Removes old, unreferenced data files from a Delta table to reclaim storage.
VACUUM LITE - Performs a lightweight vacuum using only the transaction log, without scanning storage.
Window Functions - Compute values across a set of rows related to the current row.
ZORDER - Applies Z-order data layout optimization to a Delta table for efficient...

Built-in Functions(415)

ABS - Return the absolute value of a numeric expression.
ACOS - Compute the inverse cosine (arccosine) of a value, returning an angle in radians.
ACOSH - Compute the inverse hyperbolic cosine of a real number at least 1.
ADD_MONTHS - Add (or subtract) a number of months to a date, clamping to the end of the month when...
AGE - Compute a symbolic year-month-day interval between two timestamps.
ARRAY - Construct an ARRAY value from a list of expressions.
ARRAYS_OVERLAP - Test whether two arrays share at least one element.
ARRAYS_ZIP - Merge multiple arrays element-wise into an array of structs.
ARRAY_AGG - Aggregate a column of values into a single array.
ARRAY_APPEND - Return a new array with one element added at the end.
ARRAY_AVG - Return the arithmetic mean of the numeric elements in an array.
ARRAY_CAT - Concatenate two arrays into one.
ARRAY_COMPACT - Return a new array with all NULL elements removed.
ARRAY_CONTAINS - Test whether an array contains a value.
ARRAY_DIMS - Return the dimensions of an array as a text representation.
ARRAY_DISTINCT - Return a new array with duplicate elements removed.
ARRAY_EXCEPT - Return the set difference of two arrays.
ARRAY_FILL - Create a multi-dimensional array filled with a single value.
ARRAY_FIRST - Return the first element of an array.
ARRAY_INSERT - Insert an element at a given position in an array, shifting subsequent elements right.
ARRAY_INTERSECT - Return the distinct elements present in both arrays.
ARRAY_JOIN - Concatenate array elements into a single delimited string.
ARRAY_LAST - Return the last element of an array.
ARRAY_LENGTH - Return the length of a given array dimension.
ARRAY_LOWER - Return the lower bound (starting subscript) of an array dimension.
ARRAY_MAX - Return the maximum element of an array.
ARRAY_MIN - Return the minimum element of an array.
ARRAY_NDIMS - Return the number of dimensions (rank) of an array.
ARRAY_OVERLAP - Test whether two arrays share at least one element.
ARRAY_POSITION - Return the 1-based position of the first matching element in an array.
ARRAY_POSITIONS - Return every 1-based position where a value appears in an array.
ARRAY_PREPEND - Return a new array with one element added at the beginning.
ARRAY_REMOVE - Return a new array with every occurrence of a value removed.
ARRAY_REPEAT - Create an array by repeating a single value a given number of times.
ARRAY_REPLACE - Return a new array with every occurrence of a value replaced by another value.
ARRAY_REVERSE - Return a new array with the elements in reverse order.
ARRAY_SAMPLE - Return a random sample of n elements from an array without replacement.
ARRAY_SHUFFLE - Return a new array with the elements in a random order.
ARRAY_SIZE - Return the element count of an array.
ARRAY_SLICE - Return the sub-array between two 1-based positions, inclusive on both ends.
ARRAY_SORT - Return a new array with the elements sorted in ascending order.
ARRAY_SUM - Return the sum of the numeric elements of an array.
ARRAY_TO_STRING - Concatenate array elements into a string with a delimiter, optionally replacing NULL...
ARRAY_UNION - Return the distinct union of two arrays.
ARRAY_UPPER - Return the upper bound (largest subscript) of an array dimension.
ASCII - Return the Unicode code point of the first character of the input string.
ASIN - Compute the inverse sine (arcsine) of a value, returning an angle in radians.
ASINH - Compute the inverse hyperbolic sine of a real number.
ASSERT_TRUE - Raise a runtime error if the condition is FALSE or NULL; return NULL silently when TRUE.
ATAN - Compute the inverse tangent (arctangent) of a value, returning an angle in radians.
ATAN2 - Compute the two-argument arctangent, returning the angle of the point (x, y) in radians.
ATANH - Compute the inverse hyperbolic tangent, defined on the open interval (-1, 1).
BASE64 - Encode binary data or a string as a Base64 string (RFC 4648).
BIT_AND - Return the bitwise AND of two integer values.
BIT_COUNT - Return the number of bits set to 1 in an integer (population count).
BIT_LENGTH - Return the number of bits in the input string's UTF-8 encoding.
BIT_NOT - Return the bitwise complement of an integer value.
BIT_OR - Return the bitwise OR of two integer values.
BIT_XOR - Return the bitwise exclusive OR of two integer values.
BROUND - Round a numeric value using banker's rounding (round half to even).
BTRIM - Strip a custom character set from both ends of the input string, defaulting to whitespace.
CARDINALITY - Return the element count of an array or key count of a map.
CBRT - Compute the real cube root of a numeric expression, including negative values.
CEIL - Round up to the smallest integer greater than or equal to the input.
CEILING - Round up to the smallest integer greater than or equal to the input (alias for CEIL).
CHAR - Return the character corresponding to the given Unicode code point.
CHARACTER_LENGTH - Return the number of characters in the input string (alias of CHAR_LENGTH).
CHAR_LENGTH - Return the number of characters in the input string.
CHR - Return the character corresponding to the given Unicode code point (alias of CHAR).
CLEAN_SPACES - Collapse runs of whitespace into a single space and trim leading/trailing whitespace.
CLOCK_TIMESTAMP - Return the actual wall-clock timestamp, re-read on every call.
COALESCE - Return the first non-NULL argument from a list of expressions.
CONCAT - Concatenate two or more arrays, strings, or binary values into a single value.
CONCAT_WS - Concatenate arguments with a separator, skipping any NULL arguments.
CONTAINS - Return true when the input string contains the given substring, false otherwise.
CONVERT_FROM - Decode binary data (BYTEA) into text using a specified source character encoding.
CONVERT_TO - Encode a text string as BYTEA using a specified target character encoding.
COS - Compute the cosine of an angle expressed in radians.
COSD - Compute the cosine of an angle supplied in degrees, returning exact values at common...
COSH - Compute the hyperbolic cosine of a real number.
COT - Compute the cotangent of an angle expressed in radians.
CRC32 - Compute the CRC-32 checksum of a string as a non-negative 32-bit integer.
CSC - Compute the cosecant (reciprocal of sine) of an angle in radians.
CURRENT_CATALOG - Return the name of the catalog (top-level database) bound to the current session.
CURRENT_DATABASE - Return the current database name (synonym for CURRENT_CATALOG).
CURRENT_DATE - Return the current session date with no time component.
CURRENT_SCHEMA - Return the name of the schema (namespace) bound to the current session.
CURRENT_SETTING - Return the current value of a named configuration parameter.
CURRENT_TIME - Return the current time-of-day with time zone information.
CURRENT_TIMESTAMP - Return the current date and time, fixed at transaction start.
CURRENT_USER - Return the effective user name for the current session.
DATEDIFF - Return the number of whole days between two dates as end minus start.
DATE_ADD - Add (or subtract) a signed number of days to a date.
DATE_BIN - Bin a timestamp into uniform-width intervals aligned to a chosen origin.
DATE_DIFF - Return the difference between two dates or timestamps in a specified unit.
DATE_FORMAT - Format a date or timestamp as a string using percent-prefixed pattern tokens.
DATE_PART - Extract a named field from a date, timestamp, or interval (functional form of EXTRACT).
DATE_SUB - Subtract a signed number of days from a date.
DATE_TRUNC - Truncate a timestamp down to the start of a specified unit (year, month, day, hour, etc.).
DAYOFMONTH - Extract the day-of-month (1 through 31) from a date.
DAYOFWEEK - Extract the day-of-week number from a date, with Sunday as 1 and Saturday as 7.
DAYOFYEAR - Extract the ordinal day of the year (1 through 366) from a date.
DAYS_BETWEEN - Return the number of whole days between two dates as date1 minus date2.
DEGREES - Convert an angle from radians to degrees.
DELETED - Returns rows that existed in a Delta table at one version but not at a later version, by...
DIFFERENCE - Return a 0-4 similarity score comparing the Soundex codes of two strings.
DIV - Perform integer division, truncating the quotient toward zero.
E - Return the mathematical constant e (Euler's number, approximately 2.71828).
ELEMENT_AT - Return the element at a given array position or the value for a given map key.
EMPTYIFNULL - Return an empty string if the input is NULL, otherwise return the input unchanged.
ENDSWITH - Return true when the input string ends with the given suffix, false otherwise.
ENDS_WITH - Return true when the input string ends with the given suffix, false otherwise.
EXP - Compute e raised to the given power.
EXPM1 - Compute e^x - 1 with high precision for small x.
EXTRACT - Extract a named field from a date, timestamp, or interval using SQL-standard syntax.
EXTRACT_EPOCH - Extract seconds since 1970-01-01 UTC from a timestamp, or total duration in seconds from...
FACTORIAL - Return the factorial of a non-negative integer.
FLATTEN - Flatten a nested array by one level, concatenating inner arrays into a single flat array.
FLOOR - Round down to the largest integer less than or equal to the input.
FORMAT - Build a formatted string by substituting arguments into a format template.
FORMAT_NUMBER - Format a numeric value as a thousands-separated string with a fixed number of decimal...
FORMAT_STRING - Format a string using printf-style placeholders (alias for PRINTF).
FROM_UNIXTIME - Convert a Unix epoch seconds value into a formatted date-time string.
GCD - Return the greatest common divisor of two integers (non-negative, using the Euclidean...
GENERATE_SERIES - Return a table of values from start to stop, incremented by step.
GENERATE_SUBSCRIPTS - Generate the set of valid 1-based subscripts along an array dimension.
GEN_RANDOM_UUID - Generate a new random UUID (version 4).
GET - Return the array element at a given 0-based index.
GET_BIT - Return the value (0 or 1) of the bit at the given position in an integer or binary value.
GET_JSON_OBJECT - Extract a JSON sub-value from a JSON-formatted string using a JSONPath expression.
GREATEST - Return the greatest value from a list of expressions.
H3_CELL_AREA - Return the exact surface area of an H3 cell in square meters on the WGS 84 ellipsoid.
H3_CELL_AREA_KM2 - Return the exact surface area of an H3 cell in square kilometers on the WGS 84 ellipsoid.
H3_CELL_TO_BOUNDARY - Return the boundary of an H3 cell as a WKT POLYGON string.
H3_CELL_TO_CENTER_CHILD - Return the center child of an H3 cell at a finer resolution.
H3_CELL_TO_CHILDREN - Return all child cells of an H3 cell at a specified finer resolution.
H3_CELL_TO_LAT - Return the WGS 84 latitude of the center of an H3 cell.
H3_CELL_TO_LNG - Return the WGS 84 longitude of the center of an H3 cell.
H3_CELL_TO_PARENT - Return the H3 parent cell that contains a given cell at a coarser resolution.
H3_CELL_TO_STRING - Format an H3 cell index as its canonical 15 hexadecimal-digit string representation.
H3_CONTAINS_FAST - Test whether a coarser H3 cell contains a finer H3 cell using a fast hierarchical prefix...
H3_EDGE_LENGTH - Return the average edge length of an H3 cell in meters for its resolution.
H3_GET_RESOLUTION - Return the H3 hierarchy resolution of a cell as an integer 0 through 15.
H3_GRID_DISTANCE - Return the grid distance between two H3 cells as an integer number of hex steps.
H3_GRID_PATH - Return the array of H3 cells on the shortest grid path from one cell to another.
H3_HEX_DISK - Return the array of H3 cells within k grid steps of a center cell, inclusive of the...
H3_HEX_RING - Return the array of H3 cells on the ring exactly k grid steps from a center cell.
H3_IS_PENTAGON - Test whether an H3 cell is one of the 12 pentagon cells at its resolution.
H3_IS_RES_CLASS_III - Test whether an H3 cell is at a Class III (odd-numbered) resolution in the H3 hierarchy.
H3_IS_VALID_CELL - Test whether a BIGINT value encodes a valid H3 cell index.
H3_LATLNG_TO_CELL - Convert a latitude and longitude pair to the H3 cell index that contains the point at a...
H3_LATLNG_TO_CELL_FAST - Convert latitude and longitude to an H3 cell using a vectorized, multi-threaded batch...
H3_POLYFILL - Return the H3 cells at a given resolution whose centers fall inside a WKT polygon.
H3_SPATIAL_JOIN_FAST - Test whether two H3 cells overlap (equal or one is an ancestor of the other) using a...
H3_STRING_TO_CELL - Parse an H3 cell string in canonical 15 hex-digit form into its BIGINT cell index.
HASH - Compute a non-cryptographic 32-bit hash of one expression.
HASH_DECODE - Decode binary data to a string using a named character set.
HASH_ENCODE - Encode a string as binary data using a named character set.
HEX - Convert an integer or string to its hexadecimal text representation.
HOUR - Extract the hour-of-day (0 through 23) from a timestamp.
HYPOT - Compute sqrt(x*x + y*y) without intermediate overflow or underflow.
IBAN_CHECK - Return true if the input string is a valid International Bank Account Number.
IF - Return true_value if the condition is TRUE, otherwise false_value.
IFF - Return one of two values based on a boolean condition (alias for IIF).
IFNULL - Return expr1 if not NULL, otherwise expr2.
IIF - Return one of two values based on a boolean condition.
INET_CLIENT_ADDR - Return the IP address of the client that opened the current session.
INET_SERVER_ADDR - Return the IP address of the server that accepted the current session.
INITCAP - Return the input string with the first letter of each word capitalised and every other...
INPUT_FILE_NAME - Return the path of the underlying data file from which the current row was read.
INSERTED - Returns rows that exist in a Delta table at one version but did not exist at an earlier...
INSTR - Return the 1-based position of the first occurrence of a substring, or 0 if not found.
INTERVAL_MULTIPLY - Multiply an INTERVAL by a numeric factor to scale its duration.
ISFINITE - Test whether a date, timestamp, or interval value is finite (not positive or negative...
ISNAN - Return TRUE if the floating-point value is NaN, otherwise FALSE.
ISNOTNULL - Return TRUE if the expression is not NULL, otherwise FALSE.
ISNULL - Return TRUE if the expression is NULL, otherwise FALSE.
IS_DATE - Return true if the input string can be parsed as a valid calendar date.
IS_DISTINCT_FROM - Return true if the two operands differ, treating NULL as equal to NULL.
IS_EMAIL - Return true if the input string is a syntactically valid email address.
IS_INTEGER - Return true if the input string parses as a signed integer with no fractional part.
IS_IPV4 - Return true if the input string is a valid dotted-decimal IPv4 address.
IS_IPV6 - Return true if the input string is a valid IPv6 address.
IS_NORMALIZED - Return true when the input string is already in the specified Unicode normalization form.
IS_NOT_DISTINCT_FROM - Return true if the two operands are equal, treating NULL as equal to NULL.
IS_NUMERIC - Return true if the input string parses as a signed integer or decimal number.
IS_UUID - Return true if the input string is a valid UUID.
IS_VALID_JSON - Return true if the input string is a well-formed JSON value.
JSONB_AGG - Aggregate values from grouped rows into a single JSONB array.
JSONB_ARRAY_LENGTH - Return the number of elements in a JSONB array.
JSONB_BUILD_ARRAY - Build a JSONB array from a variadic list of values.
JSONB_BUILD_OBJECT - Build a JSONB object from alternating key-value arguments.
JSONB_EXTRACT_PATH - Extract a JSONB sub-value by traversing a sequence of keys.
JSONB_EXTRACT_PATH_TEXT - Extract a JSONB sub-value at a path and return it as text.
JSONB_OBJECT_KEYS - Return the top-level keys of a JSONB object as a set of text values.
JSONB_PRETTY - Pretty-print a JSONB value as text with indentation and line breaks.
JSONB_STRIP_NULLS - Recursively remove object keys whose value is JSONB null.
JSONB_TYPEOF - Return the type of the outermost JSONB value as text.
JSON_AGG - Aggregate values from grouped rows into a single JSON array.
JSON_ARRAY_LENGTH - Return the number of elements in a JSON array.
JSON_BUILD_ARRAY - Build a JSON array from a variadic list of values.
JSON_BUILD_OBJECT - Build a JSON object from alternating key-value arguments.
JSON_EXTRACT_PATH - Extract a JSON sub-value by traversing a sequence of keys.
JSON_EXTRACT_PATH_TEXT - Extract a JSON sub-value at a path and return it as text.
JSON_OBJECT_KEYS - Return the top-level keys of a JSON object as a set of text values.
JSON_STRIP_NULLS - Recursively remove object keys whose value is JSON null.
JSON_TYPEOF - Return the type of the outermost JSON value as text.
JUSTIFY_DAYS - Normalize an INTERVAL so the days component stays below 30 by rolling excess days into...
JUSTIFY_HOURS - Normalize an INTERVAL so the hours component stays below 24 by rolling excess hours into...
JUSTIFY_INTERVAL - Normalize an INTERVAL by rolling excess hours into days and excess days into months.
LAST_DAY - Return the last day of the month that contains the given date.
LCM - Return the least common multiple of two integers.
LEAST - Return the smallest value from a list of expressions.
LEFT - Return the leftmost n characters of the input string.
LENGTH - Return the number of characters in the input string.
LEVENSHTEIN - Compute the minimum single-character edit distance between two strings.
LN - Compute the natural logarithm (base e) of a positive number.
LOCALTIME - Return the current time-of-day without time zone information.
LOCALTIMESTAMP - Return the current date and time without time zone information.
LOG - Compute the logarithm with a specified base (defaults to natural logarithm).
LOG10 - Compute the base-10 (common) logarithm of a positive number.
LOG1P - Compute ln(1 + x) with high precision for small x.
LOG2 - Compute the base-2 (binary) logarithm of a positive number.
LOWER - Return the input string with every character converted to its lowercase equivalent.
LPAD - Pad the input string on the left with a repeating pad sequence until it reaches a target...
LTRIM - Remove leading whitespace from the input string.
LUHN_CHECK - Return true if the input digit string passes the Luhn (mod-10) checksum.
MAKE_DATE - Construct a DATE from integer year, month, and day components.
MAKE_INTERVAL - Construct an INTERVAL value from optional year, month, week, day, hour, minute, and...
MAKE_TIME - Construct a TIME value from hour, minute, and second components.
MAKE_TIMESTAMP - Construct a TIMESTAMP WITHOUT TIME ZONE from year, month, day, hour, minute, and second...
MAKE_TIMESTAMPTZ - Construct a TIMESTAMP WITH TIME ZONE from components with an optional zone name.
MAP - Construct a MAP value from alternating key-value arguments.
MAP_CONCAT - Merge two or more maps into a single map; later values win on duplicate keys.
MAP_CONTAINS_KEY - Test whether a map contains a given key.
MAP_ENTRIES - Return the entries of a map as an array of key-value structs.
MAP_FROM_ARRAYS - Build a map by pairing elements of a key array and a value array.
MAP_FROM_ENTRIES - Build a map from an array of key-value structs.
MAP_KEYS - Return the keys of a map as an array.
MAP_KV - Construct a map from alternating key-value arguments.
MAP_VALUES - Return the values of a map as an array.
MASK_CREDIT_CARD - Redact a credit card number for display while preserving the last four digits.
MASK_EMAIL - Redact an email address for display while preserving the domain.
MASK_PHONE - Redact a phone number for display while preserving the last four digits.
MASK_SSN - Redact a Social Security Number for display while preserving the last four digits.
MD5 - Compute the MD5 digest of a string as a 32-character lowercase hex string.
MINUTE - Extract the minute-of-hour (0 through 59) from a timestamp.
MIN_SCALE - Return the minimum number of fractional digits required to represent a numeric value...
MOD - Return the remainder of dividing one number by another (truncated division, sign follows...
MONOTONICALLY_INCREASING_ID - Generate a 64-bit integer id that is unique and strictly increasing within a single...
MONTH - Extract the month component (1 through 12) from a date or timestamp.
MONTHS_BETWEEN - Return the number of months between two dates, including a fractional part when days...
NANVL - Return expr1 if not NaN, otherwise return expr2.
NEGATIVE - Return the arithmetic negation of a numeric expression.
NEXT_DAY - Return the next date strictly after the input that falls on the specified weekday.
NORMALIZE - Convert the input string to the specified Unicode normalization form.
NOW - Return the current transaction timestamp, identical to CURRENT_TIMESTAMP.
NULLIF - Return NULL if two expressions are equal, otherwise return the first.
NULLIFEMPTY - Return NULL if the input string is empty, otherwise return the input unchanged.
NULLIFZERO - Return NULL if the input is zero, otherwise return the input unchanged.
NUM_NONNULLS - Return the count of non-NULL arguments in a variadic argument list.
NUM_NULLS - Return the count of NULL arguments in a variadic argument list.
NVL - Return expr1 if not NULL, otherwise expr2.
NVL2 - Return one value if expr is not NULL, another if it is NULL.
OCTET_LENGTH - Return the number of bytes in the input string's UTF-8 encoding.
OVERLAY - Replace a range of characters in a string with a replacement substring (SQL-standard...
PARSE_IDENT - Split a dot-separated qualified SQL identifier into its component parts.
PG_BACKEND_PID - Return the process id of the backend serving the current session.
PG_COLUMN_SIZE - Return the number of bytes used to store a value in its internal representation.
PG_CONF_LOAD_TIME - Return the timestamp when the server configuration was last loaded.
PG_DECODE - Decode a text string into binary data using base64, hex, or escape format.
PG_ENCODE - Encode binary data (BYTEA) as text using base64, hex, or escape format.
PG_INPUT_IS_VALID - Return true if the input string can be cast to the specified data type without error.
PG_POSTMASTER_START_TIME - Return the timestamp at which the server process started.
PG_SIZE_PRETTY - Format a byte count as a human-readable size string (bytes, kB, MB, GB, TB).
PG_SLEEP - Pause the current session for a given number of seconds.
PG_TYPEOF - Return the PG-compat data type name of an expression.
PI - Return the mathematical constant pi (approximately 3.14159265358979).
PMOD - Return the non-negative remainder of dividing one number by another.
POSITION - Return the 1-based position of the first occurrence of a substring (SQL-standard IN...
POSITIVE - Return the input unchanged (unary plus as a function form).
POW - Raise a base to the given exponent.
POWER - Raise a base to the given exponent (alias for POW).
PRINTF - Format a string using printf-style placeholders (alias for FORMAT_STRING).
PYTHON_ROUND - Round a numeric value using Python / IEEE 754 semantics (round half to even).
QUARTER - Extract the calendar quarter (1 through 4) from a date or timestamp.
QUOTE_IDENT - Wrap a string in double quotes so it is safe to use as a SQL identifier in dynamic SQL.
QUOTE_LITERAL - Wrap a string in single quotes so it is safe to use as a SQL string literal in dynamic...
QUOTE_NULLABLE - Quote a string as a SQL literal, returning the unquoted keyword NULL when the input is...
RADIANS - Convert an angle from degrees to radians.
RAISE_ERROR - Unconditionally raise a runtime error with a message.
RANGE_INTERSECT - Return the overlapping portion of two ranges, or an empty range if they do not overlap.
RANGE_MERGE - Return the smallest range that spans both input ranges.
REGEXP_COUNT - Return the number of non-overlapping matches of a regular expression in the input string.
REGEXP_INSTR - Return the 1-based character position of a regex match within the input string.
REGEXP_LIKE - Return true when the input string contains a match for the regular expression.
REGEXP_MATCH - Return the captured groups (or the whole match) from the first regex match as an array.
REGEXP_MATCHES - Return capturing groups from every regex match as a set of rows (set-returning function).
REGEXP_REPLACE - Replace substrings matching a regular expression with a replacement that may reference...
REGEXP_SPLIT_TO_ARRAY - Split the input string at every match of a regular expression and return the parts as an...
REGEXP_SPLIT_TO_TABLE - Split the input string at every regex match and return the parts as rows (set-returning...
REGEXP_SUBSTR - Return the substring that matches a regular expression (scalar result, unlike...
REMOVE_ACCENTS - Strip diacritical marks from the input string, producing plain ASCII where possible.
REPEAT - Return the input string repeated n times.
REPLACE - Substitute every literal occurrence of a search substring with a replacement string.
REVERSE - Reverse the order of characters in a string, or the order of elements in an array.
RIGHT - Return the rightmost n characters of the input string.
RINT - Round to the nearest integer, returning a DOUBLE, using banker's rounding.
ROUND - Round a numeric value to a specified number of decimal places using half-up...
ROW_NUMBER_GENERATE - Generate a dense, 1-based row number for each row in the result set.
ROW_TO_JSON - Convert a row or record to a JSON object.
RPAD - Pad the input string on the right with a repeating pad sequence until it reaches a...
RTRIM - Remove trailing whitespace from the input string.
SCALE - Return the declared scale (number of fractional digits) of a numeric value.
SEC - Compute the secant (reciprocal of cosine) of an angle in radians.
SECOND - Extract the whole-second component (0 through 59) from a timestamp.
SEQUENCE - Generate an array of values from start to stop with a given step.
SESSION_USER - Return the original authenticated user name for the current session.
SETSEED - Set the seed for the pseudo-random number generator used by RANDOM().
SET_BIT - Return a copy of the input value with the bit at the given position set to 0 or 1.
SET_CONFIG - Set a configuration parameter for the session or transaction and return the new value.
SHA - Compute the SHA-1 digest of a string as a 40-character lowercase hex string.
SHA1 - Compute the SHA-1 digest of a string as a 40-character lowercase hex string.
SHA2 - Compute a SHA-2 family digest (SHA-224, SHA-256, SHA-384, or SHA-512) as a lowercase hex...
SHA224 - Compute the SHA-224 hash of a string and return it as a 56-character lowercase...
SHA256 - Compute the SHA-256 hash of a string and return it as a 64-character lowercase...
SHA384 - Compute the SHA-384 hash of a string and return it as a 96-character lowercase...
SHA512 - Compute the SHA-512 hash of a string and return it as a 128-character lowercase...
SHUFFLE - Return a new array with the elements in a random order.
SIGN - Return the sign of a number as -1, 0, or 1.
SIGNUM - Return the sign of a number as a DOUBLE: -1.0, 0.0, or 1.0 (alias for SIGN).
SIN - Compute the sine of an angle expressed in radians.
SIND - Compute the sine of an angle supplied in degrees, returning exact values at common angles.
SINH - Compute the hyperbolic sine of a real number.
SIZE - Return the element count of an array or map.
SLICE - Return a sub-array starting at a position with a given length.
SLUGIFY - Convert the input string to a lowercase, hyphen-separated, URL-safe slug.
SORT_ARRAY - Sort an array in ascending or descending order.
SOUNDEX - Return the Soundex phonetic code for a string (one uppercase letter followed by three...
SPACE - Return a string consisting of n space characters.
SPARK_PARTITION_ID - Return the id of the physical partition that produced the current row.
SPLIT - Split the input string by a literal delimiter and return the parts as an array.
SPLIT_PART - Split the input string by a literal delimiter and return the nth part.
SQRT - Compute the non-negative square root of a non-negative number.
STACK - Reshape a flat list of values into n rows of equal-width tuples.
STARTSWITH - Return true when the input string begins with the given prefix, false otherwise.
STARTS_WITH - Return true when the input string begins with the given prefix, false otherwise.
STATEMENT_TIMESTAMP - Return the timestamp captured at the start of the current statement.
STRING_AGG - Aggregate non-NULL values into a delimited string across grouped rows.
STRING_TO_ARRAY - Split the input string by a literal delimiter, optionally mapping a sentinel to NULL.
STRPOS - Return the 1-based position of the first occurrence of a substring, or 0 if not found.
ST_AREA - Compute the planar area of a polygon or multipolygon geometry in the units of its...
ST_AS_TEXT - Serialize a geometry to its Well-Known Text (WKT) representation.
ST_AZIMUTH - Compute the initial azimuth in radians from one point to another on a spherical Earth.
ST_BEARING - Compute the initial great-circle bearing in compass degrees from one point to another on...
ST_CONTAINS - Test whether the first geometry completely contains the second geometry.
ST_DISTANCE - Compute the planar Euclidean distance between two geometries in the units of their...
ST_DISTANCE_HAVERSINE - Compute the great-circle distance between two points on a spherical Earth using the...
ST_DISTANCE_SPHERE - Compute the great-circle distance between two points on a spherical Earth using the...
ST_DISTANCE_VINCENTY - Compute the geodesic distance between two points on the WGS 84 ellipsoid using...
ST_FINAL_BEARING - Compute the final bearing in compass degrees at the destination of a great-circle path...
ST_GEOM_FROM_TEXT - Parse a Well-Known Text (WKT) string into an internal geometry value.
ST_LENGTH - Compute the total planar length of a line or perimeter of a polygon in the units of the...
ST_MAKE_POINT - Create a POINT geometry from numeric x and y coordinates.
ST_WITHIN - Test whether the first geometry lies completely inside the second geometry.
ST_X - Return the X coordinate of a POINT geometry.
ST_Y - Return the Y coordinate of a POINT geometry.
SUBSTR - Extract a contiguous slice of characters from the input string (alias of SUBSTRING).
SUBSTRING - Extract a contiguous slice of characters from the input string by 1-based position and...
SUBSTRING_INDEX - Return the portion of a string before or after the nth occurrence of a delimiter.
TAN - Compute the tangent of an angle expressed in radians.
TAND - Compute the tangent of an angle supplied in degrees, with exact handling at common angles.
TANH - Compute the hyperbolic tangent, a smooth saturating function bounded by -1 and 1.
TIMEOFDAY - Return the current wall-clock date and time as a formatted text string.
TO_ASCII - Transliterate non-ASCII characters to their closest ASCII equivalents.
TO_BIN - Convert an integer to its binary (base-2) string representation.
TO_CAMEL_CASE - Convert the input string to lowerCamelCase.
TO_CHAR - Format a date, timestamp, interval, or numeric value as a string using template patterns.
TO_DATE - Parse a string into a DATE using an explicit or default format pattern.
TO_HEX - Return the lowercase hexadecimal string representation of an integer.
TO_JSON - Convert a SQL value to its JSON representation.
TO_JSONB - Convert a SQL value to its JSONB representation.
TO_NUMBER - Parse a string into a DECIMAL value according to a format pattern.
TO_OCT - Convert an integer to its octal (base-8) string representation.
TO_SNAKE_CASE - Convert the input string to snake_case.
TO_TIMESTAMP - Parse a string into a TIMESTAMP, or convert an epoch-seconds number into a TIMESTAMP.
TO_TITLE_CASE - Convert the input string to Title Case.
TO_UNIX_TIMESTAMP - Convert a TIMESTAMP value into Unix epoch seconds.
TRANSACTION_TIMESTAMP - Return the timestamp captured at the start of the current transaction.
TRANSLATE - Replace or delete individual characters in a string using a positional character mapping.
TRIM - Remove leading and trailing whitespace from the input string.
TRIM_SCALE - Remove trailing zeros from a numeric value to reduce scale to the minimum needed.
TRUNC - Truncate a DATE to the start of a specified calendar unit.
TRY_CAST_BOOL - Attempt to cast a value to BOOLEAN, returning NULL on failure instead of raising an error.
TRY_CAST_FLOAT - Attempt to cast a value to FLOAT (DOUBLE), returning NULL on failure instead of raising...
TRY_CAST_INT - Attempt to cast a value to INT, returning NULL on failure instead of raising an error.
TXID_CURRENT - Return the identifier of the current transaction.
TYPEOF - Return the dialect-neutral data type name of an expression.
UNBASE64 - Decode a Base64 string (RFC 4648) to binary data.
UNHEX - Decode a hexadecimal string into binary data.
UNIX_TIMESTAMP - Return the current Unix epoch seconds, or parse a string and return its epoch seconds.
UNNEST - Expand an array into a set of rows, one per element.
UPDATED - Returns the post-image of every row whose key exists at both versions but whose non-key...
UPPER - Return the input string with every character converted to its uppercase equivalent.
UUID - Generate a new random UUID (version 4).
UUID_GENERATE_V4 - Generate a new random UUID (version 4).
VERSION - Return a human-readable string describing the engine version.
WEEKOFYEAR - Extract the ISO 8601 week number (1 through 53) from a date.
WEIGHTED_CHAR_CHECKSUM - Compute a position-weighted character checksum of a string.
WHEN - Evaluate condition-value pairs and return the value of the first TRUE condition.
WIDTH_BUCKET - Assign a value to a bucket in an equi-width histogram spanning a given range.
XXHASH64 - Compute a non-cryptographic 64-bit xxHash of one or more expressions.
YEAR - Extract the four-digit year component from a date or timestamp.
YEARS_BETWEEN - Return the number of whole completed years between two dates.
ZEROIFNULL - Return 0 if the input is NULL, otherwise return the input unchanged.

Graph Analytics(48)

A* Shortest Path - Heuristic-guided single-target shortest path search between two nodes
ArticleRank - Compute ArticleRank centrality, a PageRank variant tuned for citation-style graphs
Articulation Points (Cut Vertices) - Identify vertices whose removal disconnects a connected component of the graph
Bellman-Ford Single-Source Shortest Paths - Single-source shortest paths that admit negative edge weights and detect negative cycles
Betweenness Centrality - Compute betweenness centrality measuring how often a node lies on shortest paths
Breadth-First Search - Traverse the graph in breadth-first order from a source node
Bridge Edges - Enumerate every edge whose removal increases the number of connected components
CALL - Invokes a procedure with an optional per-CALL device hint and YIELD for result columns.
CALL { subquery } - Executes an inner query as a subquery.
Closeness Centrality - Compute closeness centrality measuring how close a node is to all others
Conductance - Compute per-community conductance for a fixed node-to-community partition
Connected Components - Find connected components (groups of mutually reachable nodes)
Degree Centrality - Compute in-degree, out-degree, and total degree for all nodes
Delta-Stepping Single-Source Shortest Paths - Parallel single-source shortest paths via bucketed light/heavy edge relaxation
Depth-First Search - Traverse the graph in depth-first order from a source node
Eigenvector Centrality - Compute eigenvector centrality via power iteration on the adjacency matrix
Execution Hints - Control execution device (CPU/GPU) and property loading mode (streaming/eager).
FastRP Node Embeddings - Compute Fast Random Projection node embeddings via iterated sparse projections of the...
HITS (Hubs and Authorities) - Compute mutually reinforcing hub and authority scores for every node
Harmonic Centrality - Compute harmonic centrality, the sum of reciprocal shortest-path distances
K-Core Decomposition - Assign each node its coreness number, the largest k for which the node belongs to a k-core
K-Nearest Neighbors - Find the k most similar nodes for each node based on graph structure
LIMIT (Graph) - Limits the number of returned results.
Label Propagation - Detect communities by iterative neighbor-label voting until labels stabilize
Leiden Community Detection - Detect well-connected communities by combining Louvain local moves with a refinement phase
Local Clustering Coefficient - Compute the per-node local clustering coefficient and triangle count
Louvain Community Detection - Detect communities using the Louvain modularity optimization algorithm
MATCH - Pattern matching clause -- finds nodes and relationships in the graph.
Minimum Spanning Tree - Compute the minimum spanning tree of a weighted graph
Modularity - Compute the modularity score Q for a fixed node-to-community partition
Node Pattern - Matches a node with optional variable, labels, and properties.
Node Similarity - Compute pairwise similarity between nodes based on shared neighbors
OPTIONAL MATCH - Like MATCH, but returns NULLs for missing parts instead of filtering rows.
ORDER BY - Sorts results by one or more expressions.
PageRank - Compute PageRank centrality scores for all nodes in a graph
RETURN - Specifies the output columns and expressions.
Random Walk Corpus Generation - Generate a corpus of fixed-length random walks starting from every node in the graph
Relationship Pattern - Matches a relationship with direction, type, and optional variable-length path.
SKIP - Skips the first N results (pagination).
Shortest Path - Find the shortest weighted path between two nodes
Strongly Connected Components - Find strongly connected components in a directed graph
Triangle Count - Count the number of triangles each node participates in
UNION - Combines results from multiple queries.
UNWIND - Expands a list into individual rows.
WHERE - Filters results based on a predicate expression.
WITH - Pipes results between query parts, enabling aggregation and filtering.
Yen's K-Shortest Paths - Enumerate the K shortest loopless paths between two nodes in increasing weight order
shortestPath / allShortestPaths - Finds shortest path(s) between two nodes.

PL/pgSQL(25)

ASSERT (PL/pgSQL) - Asserts a condition is true, raising ASSERT_FAILURE if not.
Assignment (:=) - Assigns a value to a variable, record field, or array element.
BEGIN...END Block - Named or anonymous block with optional declarations and exception handlers.
CASE - Multi-way conditional (searched or simple form).
CLOSE - Closes an open cursor, releasing resources.
COMMIT / ROLLBACK - Commits or rolls back the current transaction within a procedure.
Cursor Declaration - Declares a cursor for row-by-row result processing.
EXCEPTION Handler - Catches and handles errors within a block.
EXECUTE - Executes a dynamically-built SQL string.
EXIT / CONTINUE - Exits a loop or skips to the next iteration.
FETCH - Retrieves the next row from a cursor.
FOR (integer range) - Iterates over an integer range.
FOR (query results) - Iterates over rows returned by a query.
FOREACH - Iterates over elements of an array.
GET DIAGNOSTICS - Retrieves execution status or exception details.
IF / ELSIF / ELSE - Conditional execution based on boolean expressions.
LOOP - Unconditional loop -- must use EXIT to terminate.
MOVE - Repositions a cursor without fetching data.
OPEN - Opens a cursor for fetching.
PERFORM - Executes a query and discards the result (side-effects only).
PRINT - Outputs values to the result stream (DeltaForge extension).
RAISE - Raises an error, warning, or notice with formatted message.
RETURN / RETURN NEXT / RETURN QUERY - Returns a value, adds a row to output, or returns a query result.
Variable Declaration - Declares a variable with type, optional NOT NULL, CONSTANT, DEFAULT, and COLLATION.
WHILE - Loop with a condition tested before each iteration.

Demos(68)

Advanced JSON Extraction: On-Demand Segment Access via df_transaction_json - Extracts deeply-nested X12 segments ad hoc using SQL JSON functions, json_typeof...
Avro E-Commerce Orders: Logical Types & Nullable Unions - Read 80 e-commerce orders across two Avro files with mixed codecs, exercising...
Avro Insurance Claims: Schema Evolution Across File Versions - Read 90 insurance claims across three Avro files where v2 adds two new fields...
Avro IoT Sensors: Smart Building Telemetry at Scale - Read 2,500 sensor readings from 5 building-floor Avro files with schema evolution...
CHECK Constraints and Table Properties Lifecycle - Declare CHECK constraints inside TBLPROPERTIES and prove they survive every UPDATE...
CSV Advanced Options Testbench - Eight CSV external tables, each exercising one parsing option (delimiter, null_value...
Change Data Feed -- Row-Level Change Tracking - Enable Change Data Feed to emit per-row insert / update_preimage / update_postimage /...
Delta Basics -- Create, Insert, Update, Delete - Walk through every CRUD operation on a Delta table and watch the transaction log create...
EDIFACT Basics: UNB/UNH Envelopes Across Directories - Parses 22 UN/EDIFACT and EANCOM messages (ORDERS, ORDRSP, INVOIC, CUSCAR, BAPLIE...
Excel Multi-Sheet Reporting - Expose three sheets (Sales, Returns, Staff) from two regional workbooks as separate...
Excel Options Testbench - Validate each Excel connector option (sheet_name, has_header, skip_rows, max_rows...
Excel Sales Analytics: Superstore Orders - Unify four annual Superstore XLSX files (9,994 orders) into a single external table...
FHIR Clinical Observations: Vital Signs & Lab Results - Flatten HL7 FHIR R5 Observation resources, heart rate NDJSON bulk exports, vital-sign...
FHIR Clinical Records: Conditions, Procedures & Allergies - Ingest three related HL7 FHIR R5 clinical resource types (Condition, Procedure...
FHIR Medications: Prescriptions & Coverage - Ingest HL7 FHIR R5 MedicationRequest and Coverage resources, including contained...
FHIR Patient Demographics: Basics - Ingest HL7 FHIR R5 Patient resources from bulk NDJSON and individual JSON files...
FHIR XML Clinical Resources - Ingest native HL7 FHIR R4 XML resources (Patient, Observation), handling the default...
GIS Emergency Response Network: Multi-Step Spatial Analytics - NYC dispatch scenario combining st_distance nearest-neighbor ranking, multi-algorithm...
GIS Maritime Shipping: PostGIS-Compatible Geospatial Functions - Exercises all 18 PostGIS-compatible st_* functions against 5 cargo vessels navigating 10...
GPU Banking Fraud Analytics, 10M Accounts, 48M Transactions - GPU-accelerated fraud and influence analytics on a 10M-account banking network with 48M...
Global Shipping Routes: Weighted Shortest Path and MST - Route optimization on 25 world ports and 55 weighted shipping lanes: Dijkstra shortest...
H3 + GIS Delivery Optimization: Cross-Function Spatial Analytics - Combines H3 hexagonal indexing with GIS distance/bearing functions across 3 warehouses...
H3 GPS Fleet Tracker, 10K Pings, 21 H3 Functions - 10,000 deterministic GPS pings across 5 world cities, indexed with H3 resolution-9 cells...
H3 Point-in-Polygon, 1M Row Geofencing Performance - Ride-share geofencing across 12 pricing zones and 1,000,000 driver GPS positions in 8...
HIPAA Claims Financial, 837 Charges JOIN 835 Remittance - Charge-to-payment reconciliation across three 837 healthcare claims (professional...
HL7 Clinical Workflows - Documents, Scheduling & Edge Cases - Parse MDM clinical documents, SIU appointment bookings, and a parser-torture ADT with...
HL7 Lab Orders & Results - ORM/ORU Workflow - Model the end-to-end lab workflow with HL7 v2 ORM orders and ORU results, including...
HL7 Patient Administration - ADT Lifecycle - Unify HL7 v2 ADT admit/update/discharge messages from six EHRs across v2.3 through v2.6...
Hospital Referral Network: Graph DML (INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE) - Mutate a live graph via standard DML on its backing Delta tables, verify changes with...
Iceberg V1: Warehouse Inventory Snapshots - Register a native Apache Iceberg v1 table (489 retail SKUs across 3 warehouses) and run...
Iceberg V2: Fleet Telemetry Analytics - Read a native Iceberg v2 table (450 fleet GPS pings) and validate enhanced per-column...
Iceberg V3: Deletion Vectors (Puffin) - Read a native Iceberg v3 table whose 36 faulty-scanner rows are retracted via a...
JSON Country Factbook — Deep Nesting & Schema Evolution - Extract deeply nested (4+ level) JSON fields across 10 heterogeneous country files, with...
JSON Customers — Basics - Read a flat JSON array file into an external table with include_paths, type inference...
JSON Music Catalog — Nested Arrays & Explode - Explode nested track arrays into per-track rows while also producing a per-album summary...
JSON Subtree Capture — json_paths - Capture complex nested subtrees as serialized JSON string columns with json_paths, and...
Karate Club: Graph Basics, Ingestion, and Verified Algorithms - Load Zachary's Karate Club into Delta tables, build an undirected graph, and run Cypher...
MERGE Patterns -- Slowly Changing Dimension Type 2 (SCD2) - Preserve the full audit trail of dimension changes by expiring current rows with MERGE...
Northwind Trading Company - Classic Northwind sample database as 11 semicolon-delimited CSV external tables (830...
OPTIMIZE then VACUUM -- The Delta Maintenance Playbook - Fix the small-files problem caused by daily micro-batch ingestion by compacting with...
ORC Clinical Trials: NULL Handling & CASE Logic - Exercise ORC's NULL bitmap on a heavily-nullable patient dataset using COALESCE, NULLIF...
ORC Energy Meters: Advanced Aggregation at Scale - Aggregate 1,500 smart-meter readings across 3 monthly ORC files using HAVING, COUNT...
ORC Insurance Claims: Cross-Table JOINs & Subqueries - Join two ORC-backed external tables (policies, claims) and prove INNER/LEFT/anti-joins...
ORC Server Logs: Schema Evolution & Glob Filtering - Read 5 HTTP access-log ORC files with two schema versions and prove schema evolution...
ORC Warehouse Inventory: Window Functions on Mixed Numerics - Apply ROW_NUMBER, RANK, LAG/LEAD, NTILE, and running totals to 100 rows of warehouse...
Order Lifecycle: Cross-Document 850/855/856/810/861 Traceability - Traces a purchase order through the full order-to-cash cycle: PO creation (850) to...
Parquet Flight Delays: Airline Delay Analysis - Read three quarterly Parquet files with schema evolution (NULL-filled columns), plus...
Parquet Supply Chain: Order Analytics - Recursively scan 14 quarterly Parquet files across year-based subdirectories with...
Partitioning and Dynamic Partition Pruning - Partition a Delta fact table by region and watch the engine skip entire partition...
Protobuf Address Book - Contact Directory - Read proto3 AddressBook binaries, flatten nested PhoneNumber messages, decode PhoneType...
Protobuf Freight Shipping - Multi-Carrier Manifest - Read multi-carrier proto3 ShippingManifest binaries to exercise bool/int64/float...
Protobuf IoT Sensor Network - Manufacturing Floor Sensors - Read proto3 SensorNetwork binaries across two factory floors and a warehouse (20...
Pseudonymisation Apply: Clinical Trial De-identification - Pharma de-identification workflow: register query-time rules on a clinical-trial table...
Pseudonymisation Healthcare: HL7, FHIR, and EDI De-identification - Exercise all seven transform types and all three linkability scopes across three...
Pseudonymisation Lifecycle: Insurance Claims - Insurance-claims walkthrough of the full pseudonymisation rule lifecycle: CREATE five...
Pseudonymisation Quickstart: Banking KYC - Register four query-time pseudonymisation rules on a retail-bank KYC table, redact SSN...
Repeating Segments & Loops: Indexed / Concatenate / ToJson Modes - Three external tables over the same 14 X12 files show how DeltaForge materializes...
Research Collaboration Network: Advanced Cypher Patterns - Use advanced Cypher on a university collaboration graph (40 researchers, 170 directed...
Sales Schema Evolution - Single external table reads five quarterly CSVs (2024-Q1 to 2025-Q1) whose columns...
Sales Territory Optimization: SQL + Cypher Interop - Mix Cypher and SQL in a single query: run graph algorithms via the cypher() table...
Schema Evolution -- Add Columns and Backfill NULLs - Add new columns to a live Delta table with zero data rewrite, rely on implicit NULL fill...
Time Travel and RESTORE -- Inspect Before You Recover - Recover from an accidental bulk UPDATE by time-travelling through versions, picking the...
Veterinary Clinic Patient Records - Three-branch veterinary clinic with 75 visits across branch-north/south/east...
X12 Supply Chain Basics: ISA/GS/ST Envelope + Materialized Fields - Parses 14 X12 EDI transactions (850/810/855/856/857/861/997/824) into two external...
XML Books: Schema Evolution - Union 5 yearly XML catalog exports (2000-2004) into one external table, with...
XML E-Commerce: Order Line Explosion - Explode 3+ level order XML into per-line-item rows with CDATA descriptions, exclude...
XML NYT News: RSS Feed Analysis - Read 7 regional NYT RSS XML feeds (231 items, 4 namespaces) into a joined-categories...
XML Subtree Capture, xml_paths & nested_output_format - Capture complex XML subtrees (specifications, supplier) as single string columns in JSON...

Pipeline Configuration(40)

ACTIVE / INACTIVE - Whether the schedule is enabled. Inactive schedules do not fire.
APPROVAL REQUIRED - Require manual approval before each scheduled or triggered run executes.
Active - Pipeline runs on schedule. Transitions from Draft, Paused, or Disabled via activate.
Approval Workflow - When enabled, scheduled runs enter a pending state and wait for manual approval. Approve...
Archived - Read-only final state. Only reachable from Disabled. Cannot be re-activated.
CATCHUP - Backfill missed cron firings when a schedule is re-enabled after being inactive.
CRON - Standard 5-field cron expression: minute hour day-of-month month day-of-week. Supports...
Compute Node Targeting - Default: any single healthy node picks up the run. ALL: broadcast to every healthy node...
Cron Expression Syntax - Standard 5-field cron. Fields: minute (0-59), hour (0-23), day-of-month (1-31), month...
DEFAULTS - Default parameter values injected into the pipeline SQL. Parameters use $name syntax.
DESCRIPTION - Human-readable description of the pipeline's purpose.
DESCRIPTION - Human-readable description of the schedule.
Deprecated - Marked for removal. Should not be used for new workflows.
Development - Initial development stage (alias: dev). Experimental, in-progress work.
Disabled - Permanently stopped until re-enabled. No scheduled runs. Can transition to Archived.
Draft - Initial editing state. Pipeline SQL can be modified. Not executable by the scheduler.
FAIL_FAST - Stop pipeline execution on the first statement failure. If false, continues executing...
LIFECYCLE - Development lifecycle stage for governance and promotion workflows.
MAX_CONCURRENT - Maximum number of concurrent pipeline runs. 0 means unlimited. Excess runs are queued.
NOTIFY - Email addresses for run notifications (completion, failure, SLA breach).
PIPELINE (name) - Pipeline name used as the identifier in the catalog.
PRIORITY - Queue priority when multiple pipelines are waiting. Higher values execute first.
Parameter Syntax - Parameters use $name syntax in pipeline SQL. Declared via DEFAULTS clause, overridable...
Paused - Temporarily halted. Scheduled runs are blocked. Resume returns to Active.
Production - Certified and live (alias: prod). Full SLA enforcement.
RETRIES - Maximum number of retry attempts when a pipeline run fails.
RETRY_DELAY - Delay in seconds between retry attempts.
SCHEDULE - Cron expression for automatic execution, or a named schedule reference.
SCHEDULE (name) - Schedule name used as the identifier.
SLA - Service Level Agreement target in hours. Triggers notification if exceeded.
STATUS - Operational status of the pipeline.
Staging - Ready for production review. Pre-release validation stage.
Statement Execution Order - Pipeline SQL statements execute sequentially in file order. Each statement completes...
TAGS - Comma-separated tags for organizing and filtering pipelines.
TARGET_NODES - Compute node targeting. ALL broadcasts to every healthy node. Specific node IDs route to...
TIMEOUT - Maximum execution time per pipeline run in seconds. Run is cancelled if exceeded.
TIMEZONE - Timezone for cron schedule evaluation.
TIMEZONE - Timezone for evaluating the cron expression.
Testing - Under validation and QA (alias: test).
WEBHOOK - Webhook URLs that receive HTTP POST notifications on run events.

Data Sources(23)

Amazon S3 - Amazon S3 storage backend for zones, enabling external tables over S3-hosted data files
Apache Iceberg - Read Apache Iceberg tables with time-travel support via snapshot selection
Avro - Read Apache Avro binary serialized format files
Azure Blob Storage - Azure Blob Storage backend for zones, enabling external tables over Azure-hosted data...
CSV - Read comma-separated or delimiter-separated text files
Excel - Read Microsoft Excel (.xls, .xlsx, .xlsm, .xlsb) and ODS spreadsheet files
FHIR JSON - Read FHIR R4/R5 resources from JSON and NDJSON formats using the JSON format handler...
FHIR RDF/Turtle - Parse FHIR resources from RDF/Turtle format for semantic web and linked data workflows
FHIR XML - Read FHIR R4/R5 resources from XML format using the XML format handler with...
Google Cloud Storage - Google Cloud Storage backend for zones, enabling external tables over GCS-hosted data...
HL7 v2 - Parse HL7 v2 healthcare messages (ADT, ORU, ORM, etc.) with segment-level access
JSON / NDJSON - Read JSON and newline-delimited JSON files with optional flattening
MySQL / MariaDB - Read from MySQL and MariaDB databases with connection pooling and SSL support
ORC - Read Apache ORC optimized columnar format files
Oracle Database - Read from Oracle Database (12c and later) using service name or SID connections
Parquet - Read Apache Parquet columnar format files
PostgreSQL - Read from PostgreSQL databases with connection pooling and SSL support
Protocol Buffers - Read Protocol Buffers binary format using an external .proto schema
SQL Server - Read from Microsoft SQL Server with Windows, SQL, and Azure AD authentication
TRADACOMS - Parse TRADACOMS UK retail EDI messages for orders, invoices, and deliveries
UN/EDIFACT - Parse UN/EDIFACT (ISO 9735) international EDI messages for trade, transport, and customs
X12 (ASC X12) - Parse ASC X12 EDI messages used in North American B2B transactions (healthcare, supply...
XML - Read and flatten XML documents using XPath row selection

Spatial Functions(40)

H3_CELL_AREA - Return the exact surface area of an H3 cell in square meters on the WGS 84 ellipsoid.
H3_CELL_AREA_KM2 - Return the exact surface area of an H3 cell in square kilometers on the WGS 84 ellipsoid.
H3_CELL_TO_BOUNDARY - Return the boundary of an H3 cell as a WKT POLYGON string.
H3_CELL_TO_CENTER_CHILD - Return the center child of an H3 cell at a finer resolution.
H3_CELL_TO_CHILDREN - Return all child cells of an H3 cell at a specified finer resolution.
H3_CELL_TO_LAT - Return the WGS 84 latitude of the center of an H3 cell.
H3_CELL_TO_LNG - Return the WGS 84 longitude of the center of an H3 cell.
H3_CELL_TO_PARENT - Return the H3 parent cell that contains a given cell at a coarser resolution.
H3_CELL_TO_STRING - Format an H3 cell index as its canonical 15 hexadecimal-digit string representation.
H3_CONTAINS_FAST - Test whether a coarser H3 cell contains a finer H3 cell using a fast hierarchical prefix...
H3_EDGE_LENGTH - Return the average edge length of an H3 cell in meters for its resolution.
H3_GET_RESOLUTION - Return the H3 hierarchy resolution of a cell as an integer 0 through 15.
H3_GRID_DISTANCE - Return the grid distance between two H3 cells as an integer number of hex steps.
H3_GRID_PATH - Return the array of H3 cells on the shortest grid path from one cell to another.
H3_HEX_DISK - Return the array of H3 cells within k grid steps of a center cell, inclusive of the...
H3_HEX_RING - Return the array of H3 cells on the ring exactly k grid steps from a center cell.
H3_IS_PENTAGON - Test whether an H3 cell is one of the 12 pentagon cells at its resolution.
H3_IS_RES_CLASS_III - Test whether an H3 cell is at a Class III (odd-numbered) resolution in the H3 hierarchy.
H3_IS_VALID_CELL - Test whether a BIGINT value encodes a valid H3 cell index.
H3_LATLNG_TO_CELL - Convert a latitude and longitude pair to the H3 cell index that contains the point at a...
H3_LATLNG_TO_CELL_FAST - Convert latitude and longitude to an H3 cell using a vectorized, multi-threaded batch...
H3_POLYFILL - Return the H3 cells at a given resolution whose centers fall inside a WKT polygon.
H3_SPATIAL_JOIN_FAST - Test whether two H3 cells overlap (equal or one is an ancestor of the other) using a...
H3_STRING_TO_CELL - Parse an H3 cell string in canonical 15 hex-digit form into its BIGINT cell index.
ST_AREA - Compute the planar area of a polygon or multipolygon geometry in the units of its...
ST_AS_TEXT - Serialize a geometry to its Well-Known Text (WKT) representation.
ST_AZIMUTH - Compute the initial azimuth in radians from one point to another on a spherical Earth.
ST_BEARING - Compute the initial great-circle bearing in compass degrees from one point to another on...
ST_CONTAINS - Test whether the first geometry completely contains the second geometry.
ST_DISTANCE - Compute the planar Euclidean distance between two geometries in the units of their...
ST_DISTANCE_HAVERSINE - Compute the great-circle distance between two points on a spherical Earth using the...
ST_DISTANCE_SPHERE - Compute the great-circle distance between two points on a spherical Earth using the...
ST_DISTANCE_VINCENTY - Compute the geodesic distance between two points on the WGS 84 ellipsoid using...
ST_FINAL_BEARING - Compute the final bearing in compass degrees at the destination of a great-circle path...
ST_GEOM_FROM_TEXT - Parse a Well-Known Text (WKT) string into an internal geometry value.
ST_LENGTH - Compute the total planar length of a line or perimeter of a polygon in the units of the...
ST_MAKE_POINT - Create a POINT geometry from numeric x and y coordinates.
ST_WITHIN - Test whether the first geometry lies completely inside the second geometry.
ST_X - Return the X coordinate of a POINT geometry.
ST_Y - Return the Y coordinate of a POINT geometry.

CLI Reference(90)

--classic - Use the legacy single-line reedline REPL instead of the interactive shell...
--compute-url - Pin an explicit compute-node URL, disabling Auto routing via the control plane's...
--control-url - Override the control-plane base URL for this invocation. Highest precedence (wins over...
--drop-schema / --drop-zone - Opt-in destructive flags for the cleanup phase. Without these, cleanup runs only the...
--force / -y - Skip confirmation prompts for dangerous SQL (DROP, DELETE without WHERE, UPDATE without...
--format - Select output format for non-interactive commands. One of `table` (default), `compact`...
--local <DIR> - Override SQL file location with a local directory. Data paths still come from the...
--node - Compute node display name or entity_ref, resolved via control plane /list-compute-nodes...
--password - Password for control-plane authentication. Presence marks credentials as explicit (skips...
--phase setup|queries|cleanup|all - Select which phase(s) to run. `all` is the default. Useful for iterative debugging...
--profile / -p - Select a named profile from `~/.deltaforge/config.toml`. Overrides `default_profile`.
--resume - Rehydrate the scrollback from a previous session JSONL file under...
--username / -u - Username for control-plane authentication. Sets the `credentials_explicit` flag so the...
-D variable substitution - `-D key=value` injects VALUE wherever `{{key}}` appears in the script. Substitution is...
/classify - Classify each statement in a script (DML, DDL, MAINTENANCE, PIPELINE, etc.). Offline AST...
/clear - Clear scrollback. Aliases: /cls, Ctrl+L.
/cmd - Render the full reference page for a single SQL command.
/columns - Column list (name, type, nullable, position) for a table.
/context - Bootstrap context: active workspace, zones, compute, recent pipelines. Useful as the...
/demo - Open a runnable demo by id (from the demo gallery). Shows the provision manifest + the...
/describe - Catalog describe for any entity (table, view, schema, zone, workspace, pipeline). Routes...
/docs - Full-text search the embedded documentation (SQL commands, functions, operators, data...
/downstream - Downstream lineage only: every consumer of this table.
/explain-sql - Plain-English explanation of what the SQL does. Offline.
/extract-tables - List every table reference in the SQL (fully-qualified where possible). Offline AST walk.
/format - Reformat SQL: keywords uppercased, canonical indentation. Pure string rewrite; offline.
/help - Show the interactive help card listing every slash command, its argument shape, and a...
/lineage - Fetch both upstream and downstream lineage for a table (columns + pipelines).
/lineage-sql - Extract script-level inbound (sources) and outbound (targets) tables from a SQL snippet...
/nodes - List compute nodes with status, load, workspace affinity, and a click-through to pin...
/nodes/recommend API - Control-plane endpoint consulted by Auto routing on every SQL call. Takes the current...
/open - Open item N of the last result (table row, node entry, pipeline, etc.) and render its...
/pipeline-status - Pipeline health + recent errors. With no argument, shows every pipeline; with a name...
/quit - Exit the CLI. Persists the scrollback to ~/.deltaforge/sessions/.
/schemas - List schemas, optionally filtered by zone.
/table-history - Delta transaction history (versions, timestamps, operation, operator).
/table-stats - Row count and size stats for a table.
/upstream - Upstream lineage only: every table this one depends on.
/use-node - Pin a compute node for the session (or pass `auto` to re-enable control-plane...
/validate - Parse SQL and report syntax errors with line:col positions. Offline - no control-plane...
/workspace - Workspace overview: zones, pipelines, schedules, compute nodes.
/zones - List all zones.
Authentication flow - At launch the CLI POSTs credentials to the control plane's /login endpoint. On success...
Auto routing (default) - Default mode. Every SQL call routes through the control plane's /nodes/recommend...
CI/CD pattern - In CI: set DF_CONTROL_URL and DF_PASSWORD as secrets, run `delta-forge-cli --profile ci...
Compact output - Borderless output with two-space indent. Intended for narrow terminals and log-friendly...
Completions popup - Floating popup that ranks candidates from the identifier cache and the SQL keyword list...
Config resolution order - For each setting the CLI resolves in this order: CLI flag -> environment variable ->...
DF_COMPUTE_URL - Pinned compute-node URL. Presence disables Auto routing. Default: http://localhost:3031.
DF_CONTROL_URL - Control-plane base URL. Overridden by --control-url; overrides profile. Default...
DF_HTTP_TIMEOUT_SECS - HTTP client timeout in seconds for all control-plane and compute-engine requests. Set to...
DF_PASSWORD - Password for control-plane authentication. Presence marks credentials as explicit (skips...
DF_USERNAME - Username for control-plane authentication. Default: admin@deltaforge.local.
DML result line - For statements with no result set (INSERT/UPDATE/DELETE/MERGE/DDL), prints a single...
Dangerous-SQL detection - Before executing SQL, the CLI performs a keyword-based scan (uppercased...
Demo test runner overview - `demo-test` is an end-to-end test harness. It provisions demo data via the control plane...
Demo variable injection - Before executing any demo SQL, three variables are injected: `{{zone_name}}` (target...
Error handling for automation - Use exit codes to branch: 0=success, 1=SQL/auth/parse error, 2=client init error...
Exit codes - 0 = success. 1 = execution error (query failure, auth failure, parse error). 2 = fatal...
Explicit compute URL - Setting --compute-url or DF_COMPUTE_URL pins a specific URL and disables Auto routing...
Export tokens for downstream tools - `delta-forge-cli auth` prints `session_token=...`, `access_token=...`, and...
Filesystem paths - Config directory: `~/.deltaforge/`. Config file: `config.toml`. History: `history` (1000...
Headless script execution - Run a multi-statement SQL script non-interactively with explicit credentials and a named...
History file - `--classic` persists submissions to `~/.deltaforge/history` via reedline (1000-entry...
Inline credential prompt - Stdin-based fallback prompt used by non-REPL commands (query, run, auth, health...
JSON output - Structured pretty-printed JSON with `columns`, `rows` (array of objects keyed by column...
JSON report output - On completion, demo-test emits a structured JSON report on stdout with demo identity...
Keyboard shortcuts - Keyboard shortcuts available in the default interactive REPL. Covers submission (Enter...
Named profiles - A profile bundles control_url, compute_url, and username under a single name. Select...
Non-TTY inline prompt fallback - When stdin or stdout is not a TTY (CI runners, `ssh -T`, Docker without `-t`, unattended...
Parsing JSON output with jq - With --format json the schema is `{ columns: string[], rows: Array<Record<string...
Per-statement progress reporting - During `run`, each statement prints `[N/TOTAL] <preview> ... <message> (<elapsed>ms)` on...
Pinned node (/use-node) - Inside the shell, /use-node <NAME> resolves a node display name against...
Piped SQL from stdin - When stdin is not a TTY, the default invocation reads the entire stdin as a...
Piping SQL from stdin - When stdin is not a TTY, the default invocation reads and executes stdin as a...
Session JSONL - On exit, the interactive shell flushes its scrollback to...
Slash-command menu - Floating menu that lists the top-scoring slash commands when the input starts with `/`...
Statement splitting - Semicolon-terminated statement splitter that respects single-quoted string literals and...
TUI login wizard - Full-screen terminal UI login screen. Used when entering the interactive REPL and...
Table output (default) - Unicode-bordered tables with bold cyan headers, right-aligned numerics, dim-italic...
[display] settings - Display preferences: `max_rows` (default 100), `compact` (default false), `timing`...
auth - Authenticate against the control plane and print the resulting access, session, and...
delta-forge-cli (interactive REPL) - Launch the interactive shell when stdin is a TTY; execute piped SQL as a script when...
demo-test - End-to-end demo-test runner: provisions a demo dataset via the control plane, runs...
health - Check control-plane and compute-engine reachability; print each response as pretty JSON.
looks_complete heuristic - Decides whether Enter submits the buffer or inserts a newline. Slash/colon commands are...
plan - Show the logical or physical execution plan for a SQL statement without scanning any data.
query - Execute a single SQL statement and print the result set.
run - Execute a multi-statement SQL script file with variable substitution and per-statement...
~/.deltaforge/config.toml - TOML configuration file with profiles, default profile, and display preferences...

GUI Reference(31)

Access Control - User, role, and group management with role-based access control.
Compute Nodes - Register, monitor, and manage compute node infrastructure.
Connections - Manage external database and storage connections used for federated queries.
Credential Storage - Configure credential storage backends (OS keychain, Azure Key Vault, AWS Secrets...
Data Protection - GDPR pseudonymisation rules and data masking policies for sensitive columns.
Data Transform - Visual data transformation and wrangling tools for column-level operations.
Database Tables - Browse tables backed by external database connections (Postgres, MySQL, etc.).
Delta Tables - Browse, inspect, and manage native Delta Lake tables across all zones and schemas.
Demo Gallery - Browse, install, and run pre-built demo datasets and SQL tutorials.
Executions - Monitor and review pipeline and script execution history, logs, and status.
File Tables - Browse external tables backed by Parquet, CSV, and other file formats.
Glossary - Business glossary for defining standard terminology and domain concepts.
Graph Tables - Browse graph structure definitions mapping vertex and edge tables.
Home Dashboard - Landing page with workspace statistics, recent executions, and quick actions.
License - Install, activate, and manage the DeltaForge license.
Lineage - Visualize column-level data lineage and dependency graphs across tables and pipelines.
Meta Store - Postgres-backed mirror of the Delta log and Parquet footer state. Tables registered here...
Metering - Detailed usage metrics, billing information, and consumption reporting.
Object Permissions - Fine-grained access control grants on zones, schemas, and tables.
Pipelines - Define, manage, and monitor multi-step SQL data pipelines.
Query Explorer - Interactive SQL query editor with schema browsing, autocomplete, and result visualization.
Schedules - Define named cron schedules that drive pipeline execution timing.
Schemas - Manage schemas within zones, logical groupings for tables and views.
Scripts - Manage reusable SQL scripts that can be included in pipelines or run standalone.
Settings - System-wide configuration including database backend and control plane settings.
Tags - Define and assign metadata tags to catalog objects for classification and governance.
Usage - Track compute resource consumption and query usage across the platform.
Vault - Secure secret and encryption key management with rotation support.
Views - Browse and manage SQL view definitions and their dependencies.
Workspaces - Isolated development environments with integrated SQL editor, file explorer, and...
Zones - Configure data zones, top-level organizational boundaries for storage paths.

ODBC Driver(30)

.NET (System.Data.Odbc) - Connect from .NET (Framework or Core) via the in-box System.Data.Odbc provider.
AuthMode - Authentication mode. The driver authenticates with username + password by default...
Column-name case (lowercase / snake_case) - Delta Forge column names are lowercase / snake_case and case-preserving. The ODBC driver...
ComputeServer and ComputeNode (routing) - Override the default compute path. Pin to an explicit URL or a named compute node.
ConnectionTimeout and CommandTimeout - Connect-phase budget and per-statement query timeout.
Credential storage (no plaintext passwords) - Save the password or token in the OS-native secret store so it does not appear in...
Cross-vendor key aliases and tolerated keys - Connection-string keys borrowed from other vendors that the driver accepts, plus keys it...
DBeaver - Use DBeaver as an ad-hoc SQL client against Delta Forge through the ODBC driver.
DSN file locations - Where the operating system stores ODBC data source names so the Delta Forge driver can...
Database, Schema, ApplicationName - Default catalog (zone) and schema, plus an audit-log identifier for the application.
First connection smoke test - Verify that a freshly installed Delta Forge ODBC Driver authenticates and returns a...
HTTPProxy, ProxyUID, ProxyPWD - HTTP/HTTPS proxy and basic-auth credentials for environments that route outbound traffic...
Install on Linux - Install the Delta Forge ODBC Driver on Linux from the deb or rpm package and register it...
Install on Windows - Install the Delta Forge ODBC Driver on Windows from the MSI and register it with the...
Install on macOS - Install the Delta Forge ODBC Driver on macOS from the .pkg installer and register it...
Looker - Connect Looker to Delta Forge via the in-tree JDBC bridge that delegates to the native...
MaxStreamBufferMB - Per-connection upper bound on in-flight result-set buffers held by the driver while...
MicroStrategy - Connect MicroStrategy to Delta Forge through a generic ODBC database instance.
Microsoft Excel - Connect Excel to Delta Forge through the ODBC driver via the Get Data > From ODBC route.
Power BI Desktop - Connect Power BI Desktop to Delta Forge through the ODBC driver. Works for both Import...
Pwd - Password used with Uid to authenticate. Optional when a credential is stored in the OS...
Python (pyodbc) - Connect from Python via pyodbc, the most common Python ODBC binding.
Qlik Sense and QlikView - Connect Qlik Sense or QlikView to Delta Forge through the generic ODBC connector.
R (RODBC and odbc) - Connect from R via either RODBC (legacy, simpler) or odbc (modern, recommended).
Server - Control plane URL the driver authenticates and routes through. Required.
Tableau Desktop and Tableau Server - Connect Tableau Desktop or Tableau Server / Cloud to Delta Forge through the ODBC driver...
Token - Bearer token presented on every request. Skips the username + password auth round-trip.
Type mapping (Delta Forge to ODBC) - How Delta Forge column types appear over ODBC and which ODBC C types are best for each.
Uid - Username, email address, or service-principal client ID used to authenticate with the...
dbt (via dbt-odbc) - Use dbt as a transformation layer against Delta Forge through the generic dbt-odbc...

SQL Keywords(474)

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DeltaForge Documentation - Complete Reference Index

SQL Commands(207)

Built-in Functions(415)

Graph Analytics(48)

PL/pgSQL(25)

Demos(68)

Pipeline Configuration(40)

Data Sources(23)

Spatial Functions(40)

CLI Reference(90)

GUI Reference(31)

ODBC Driver(30)

SQL Keywords(474)

Data Types(58)

Operators(40)

Table Properties(105)